Kalkan has been a place of settlement since antiquity with the important location as the only safe harbour between Kas and Fethiye.  Kalkan  was a very important port during the 19th century. 

Kalkan (with the old name of Kalamari) you see today was settled 150 to 200 years ago by people of both Greek and Turkish origin in the days Ottoman Empire.  Camels brought goods to Kalkan from the nearby Xanthos valley and from as far away as the mountain highlands near Elmali.  Cargo ships were then loaded in Kalkan's harbour to sail for the far reaches of the Ottoman Empire carrying charcoal, silk (you can see many mulberry trees in Kalkan today), olive oil , and wine, as well as cotton, grain, sesame seed, flour, grapes, acorns used for dye, and lumber from the vast cedar and pine forests.

By the early 20 th century Kalkan had become quite a sizeable village.  At the turn of the century it had its own custom’s house and in 1915 there were reportedly seventeen restaurants, a goldsmith, a shoemaker and several tailors. The first local elections were held in 1928 and in 1937 the present elementary school was opened.

Following World War I, the exchange in population between the new Turkish Republic and Greece took place in 1921 during the Turkish War of Independence.  Most of the Greek origin people living in Kalkan left Turkey   

Despite the changes , traditional life still continues for many of the local residents. Historically, many locals of Kalkan have owned land both in Kalkan and in the nearby mountain village of Bezirgan, set in a beautiful valley.  Today many of these residents continue to follow the pattern of their ancestors, spending summers in the coolness of the mountains and winters near the warm coast.

Kalkan's Greek origin can still be seen in its distinctive architecture which is very similar to the architecture of the nearby Greek island of Meis (Castellorizo).   There is also a Greek Orthodox church in Kalkan's harbour which has been converted into a mosque. 

As you walk about Old Kalkan you will notice much historic architecture.  This architecture is very special, of the traditional 'Kalkan Style', and is well-preserved and protected.  

Old Kalkan's houses line narrow streets winding up from the harbour and are quite beautiful, often covered in bougainvillea. They are characteristically built of stone with small shuttered windows and timber balconies, whitewashed walls and contrasting woodwork. and often have courtyards and gardens. Narrow passages criss-cross between the houses.  To combat the heat of summer, houses were built for coolness.  Balconies, terraces and courtyards were constructed to create cool, comfortable areas, while small windows could be tightly shuttered from the hot noon sun. Windows and balconies of the upper floors face the sea to take advantage of any breezes. 

Old Kalkan buildings are usually two stories high, unless the road is very steep. In this case there is sometimes a mezzanine. Behind the pediment (the hallmark of the traditional Kalkan house) is the red-tiled roof and chimneypot. Ground floors are usually used as shops or for storage while residents live on the floors above. 

The many decorative elements of old Kalkan’s architecture provide a link to the area’s ancient past. Such elements can be seen in the sills placed between the floor levels and the tops of windows and on the corners of buildings enhanced with pilasters and pseudo column capitals. Adorned pediments grace facades, and dentils and cornices decorate eves.